Least Concern

A medium-large raptor measuring 34–58 cm in length with a wingspan of 95–120 cm. It has blue-grey upperparts, a pale underbody with dark barring, and a distinctive black malar stripe on the face. Males are smaller than females.

Breeds across all continents except Antarctica, including urban areas, cliffs, and open landscapes. Some populations are resident, while northern populations are migratory.

Northern breeders migrate south in winter to Africa, South Asia, or southern North America. Urban populations often remain year-round.

Breeds mainly from March to June, nesting on cliffs, tall buildings, or bridges. The nest is a simple scrape on ledges. Clutch size is typically 3–4 eggs.

Prefers rocky cliffs, gorges, and urban structures for nesting, often near open hunting grounds such as coastlines, rivers, or grasslands.

Found in open landscapes, coastal regions, mountains, and urban areas. Requires perching sites and open airspace for hunting.

Strictly carnivorous, feeding almost entirely on birds captured in flight. Hunts using high-speed stoops, often exceeding 320 km/h during dives.