| IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature): | Vulnerable
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| Approximate size(adult): | A large raptor measuring 60–70 cm in length with a wingspan of 150–180 cm. Appears dark brown overall with lighter streaks on the upperparts and characteristic white spots on the wing coverts (“spotted” look). Juveniles show more distinct spotting than adults.
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| Resident/ Migrate from: | Migratory species — breeds in Eastern Europe and western Russia, extending into parts of Central Asia.
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| Migrate to: | Winters in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka), the Middle East, and sub-Saharan Africa. In India, mainly seen in northern and central plains, wetlands, and forested landscapes during winter.
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| Breeding season: | Breeds from April to July in the temperate regions of Europe and Asia. Builds large stick nests on tall trees near wetlands or river valleys. Lays 1–3 eggs; only one chick usually fledges due to siblicide.
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| Breed in: | Eastern Europe to western Siberia, especially near wetlands, marshes, and riverine forests.
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| Habitat: | Prefers wetlands, floodplains, riverbanks, and open forests during both breeding and wintering seasons. In India, it frequents large wetlands, agricultural fields, and open woodlands.
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| Diet: | Feeds mainly on small mammals, waterfowl, reptiles, and carrion. Hunts from a perch or while soaring low over wetlands.
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