Least Concern

Length about 55–65 cm; wingspan 120–150 cm; weight ~1–1.5 kg. Medium-sized raptor with broad wings, short tail, dark brown body, and distinctive short crest on the head.

Resident across South and Southeast Asia. Populations are largely sedentary with minimal local movements.

Non-migratory; may show local altitudinal movements depending on prey availability and seasonal changes.

Typically January to June, varying slightly by region. Courtship includes aerial displays and calling.

Nests in large trees, usually in forested areas. Nest is a platform of sticks lined with leaves. Clutch size is usually 1–2 eggs. Both parents incubate and feed the chick.

Prefers forests, open woodlands, forest edges, and cultivated areas with tree cover. Often seen perched on trees or soaring above forested landscapes.

Primarily snakes and other reptiles, supplemented with small mammals, amphibians, and birds. Hunts from perches, swooping down to capture prey with strong talons.